Zoznam úloh

8. Čaj o ôsmej

Zadanie

Na výške je život ťažký, preto si spolubývajúce Jonka a Bejka každý večer robia čaj na upokojenie nervov a dobrý spánok. Ako ho tak popíjajú, Jonka sa nezaprie a začne rozmýšľať o tom, ako by sa zmenila časová závislosť teploty čaju, ak by ho dali do iného hrnčeka, ak by ho bolo dvakrát viac, ak by…

Merajte teplotu čaju v konštatných intervaloch a následne vytvorte graf závislosti teploty na čase (merajte až pokým sa teplota čaju neustáli). Meranie opakujte pre minimálne dve rôzne situácie (čaj chladíme fénom, dvojnásobný objem čaju, iný tvar alebo materiál nádoby, …), pričom pri každom meraní zmeňte oproti prvému (referenčnému) meraniu len jednu vec. Všetky závislosti zobrazte v jednom grafe a okomentujte, aká zmena nastala voči referenčnému meraniu – popíšte zmenu v tvare grafu a pokúste sa ju fyzikálne vysvetliť.

Ako vzorové riešenie uvádzame riešenie do veľkej miery inšpirované riešením Soničky Vasiľovej.

Pomôcky a postup

Na začiatku som si vybrala situácie, ktoré som sa rozhodla pozorovať – tri rôzne poháre a dva až tri rôzne objemy (podľa toho, koľko vody sa do daného pohára vošlo). Používala som tieto tri poháre:

obrázok 1: Tri poháre obrázok 1: Tri poháre

Základný objem bol $\SI{80}{\milli\litre}$. Tu sú jednotlivé situácie:

  • A – užší sklenený pohár, $\SI{160}{\milli\litre}$

  • B – užší sklenený pohár, $\SI{80}{\milli\litre}$

  • C – širší sklenený hrnček, $\SI{160}{\milli\litre}$

  • D – širší sklenený hrnček, $\SI{80}{\milli\litre}$

  • E – širší porcelánový/hlinený hrnček, $\SI{240}{\milli\litre}$

  • F – širší porcelánový/hlinený hrnček, $\SI{160}{\milli\litre}$

  • G – širší porcelánový/hlinený hrnček, $\SI{80}{\milli\litre}$

Čas som merala pomocou stopiek na mobile a každú minútu som odmerala teplotu. Teplotu som merala pomocou bezkontaktného infračerveného teplomera.

Výsledky (Graf)

Tabuľku hodnôt priložím na záver.

obrázok 2: Graf závislosti teploty od času pre všetky merania obrázok 2: Graf závislosti teploty od času pre všetky merania

Diskusia

Vidíme, že merania sa rozdelili do takých troch množín: {G}, {B, D, F} a {A, C, E}. Ale napriek tomu všetky sú to exponenciálne krivky (pre G je aj fit, pre ostatné nie kvôli prehľadnosti).

Exponenciálny tvar krivky vysvetľuje takzvaný Newtonov ochladzovací zákon. Ten hovorí, že rýchlosť zmeny teploty vieme vypočítať ako $$ \Drv{T}{t} = -k\left(T - T_s\right), $$ kde $T$ je teplota pohára s vodou, $T_s$ je teplota okolia a $k$ je súčiniteľ prestupu tepla medzi pohárom a vzduchom. Vyriešením tejto diferenciálnej rovnice dostávame vzťah pre závislosť teploty od času $$ T(t) = T_s + \left(T_0 - T_s\right) e^{-kt}, $$ kde $T_0$ je počiatočná teplota vody. Odtiaľto sa teda berie exponenciálny tvar kriviek v grafe.

Rozdiel objemov

Tento je veľmi pekne viditeľný. Vždy, keď bol menší objem, tak voda omnoho rýchlejšie chladla a to pri všetkých troch pohároch. Vyplýva to z kalorimetrickej rovnice, v ktorej vystupuje hmotnosť vody (čo je priamo úmerné objemu). Čím viac vody, tým viac energie potrebuje na ohriatie alebo tým pomalšie sa ochladzuje.

Rozdiel materiálov

Z grafu vyplýva, že rovnaké množstvo vody vychladne omnoho rýchlejšie v porcelánovom/hlinenom pohári ako v sklenenom, čo je spôsobené práve rôznou tepelnou kapacitou pohárov, ktorá tiež vystupuje v kalorimetrickej rovnici. Dokonca až $\SI{240}{\milli\litre}$ v treťom hrnčeku chladlo rovnako rýchlo ako $\SI{160}{\milli\litre}$ v sklenenom. Na rýchlosť chladnutia taktiež vplýva aj to, že rôzne materiály majú rôzne súčinitele prestupu tepla.

Chyby merania

Chyby merania mohli nastať pri nepresnom meraní času, ale čo má omnoho väčší vplyv, je meranie teploty vody. Teplomer meria pomocou infračerveného žiarenia a v sklenených pohároch sa odráža, čo mohlo skresliť výslednú teplotu. Tieto chyby som sa snažila odstrániť hlavne veľkým množstvom meraní, kde rozdiely pol stupňa veľmi nezavážia, ako vidno z grafu.

Tabuľka hodnôt:

t (min) A () B () C () D () E () F () G ()
MATH_STASH_16_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_17_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_18_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_19_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_20_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_21_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_22_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_23_ENDSTASH
MATH_STASH_24_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_25_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_26_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_27_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_28_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_29_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_30_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_31_ENDSTASH
MATH_STASH_32_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_33_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_34_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_35_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_36_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_37_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_38_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_39_ENDSTASH
MATH_STASH_40_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_41_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_42_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_43_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_44_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_45_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_46_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_47_ENDSTASH
MATH_STASH_48_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_49_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_50_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_51_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_52_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_53_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_54_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_55_ENDSTASH
MATH_STASH_56_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_57_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_58_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_59_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_60_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_61_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_62_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_63_ENDSTASH
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MATH_STASH_272_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_273_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_274_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_275_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_276_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_277_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_278_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_279_ENDSTASH
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MATH_STASH_320_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_321_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_322_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_323_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_324_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_325_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_326_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_327_ENDSTASH
MATH_STASH_328_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_329_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_330_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_331_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_332_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_333_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_334_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_335_ENDSTASH
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MATH_STASH_344_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_345_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_346_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_347_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_348_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_349_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_350_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_351_ENDSTASH
MATH_STASH_352_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_353_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_354_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_355_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_356_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_357_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_358_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_359_ENDSTASH
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MATH_STASH_368_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_369_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_370_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_371_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_372_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_373_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_374_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_375_ENDSTASH
MATH_STASH_376_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_377_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_378_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_379_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_380_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_381_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_382_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_383_ENDSTASH
MATH_STASH_384_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_385_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_386_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_387_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_388_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_389_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_390_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_391_ENDSTASH
MATH_STASH_392_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_393_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_394_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_395_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_396_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_397_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_398_ENDSTASH MATH_STASH_399_ENDSTASH
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